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History and relationship of
process standards/models
"Behold the turtle.  He makes progress
only when he sticks his neck out." 
-- James B. Conant
Software process improvement is often influenced by process related standards/models and thus, it is important that change agents understand the history and relationships of these standards/models.

Note:
Click here for a quick snapshot of the current and next planned edition of each standard/model.

Year
History
2000 ISO 9000:2000 edition released
SEI CMMI V1.02 released
1998 ISO 15504 (SPICE) released to public as "type 2" Technical Reports
TickIT V4.0 released
1997 ISO 9000-3 re-released
SEI halts SW-CMM revisions in support for CMM Integration (CMMI)
1996 IEEE/EIA 12207 released (this is ISO 12207 with extra guidance)
1995 ISO 12207 released (initial release)
ISO 15504 (SPICE) initial "draft" released
1994 ISO 9001 re-released
Trillium V3.0 released
1993 SEI SW-CMM V1.1 released (click here for revision summary)
1992 EFQM/BEA: 1st Business Excellence Award (Europe)
IEEE adopts the Australian AS 3563 as "IEEE 1298"
TickIT V2.0 released
1991 IEEE 1074 released (initial release)
ImproveIT V1.0 released (this is the beginning of TickIT)
ISO 9000-3 released (initial release)
SEI SW-CMM V1.0 released (initial release of model)
Trillium V1.0 released (initial release)
1990 ---
1989 ---
1988 AS 3563 (Software Quality Management System) standard released -- initial release
1987 ISO 9001 released (initial release)
NIST/MBNQA: 1st Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (USA)
SEI-87-TR-24 (SW-CMM questionaire) released
1986 ---
1985 ---
1984 ---
1983 NQI/CAE: 1st Canadian Award for Excellence (Canada)

As shown in the above table, software quality/process improvement initiatives began in the late 1980s with the majority occurring in the 1990s.

Three groupings standout:

  1. Improvement themes:
    1. Total Quality Management: Canada's CAE, Europe's BEA, and USA's MBNQA
    2. Process Definition: IEEE 1074, ISO 12207, and IEEE/EIA 12207
    3. Quality System Definition/Improvement: ISO 9001, ISO 9000-3, TickIT and AS 3563
    4. Process Improvement: SEI SW-CMM, SEI CMMI, Trillium, and ISO 15504 (SPICE)
  2. Application/outcome:
    1. Award: Canada's CAE, Europe's BEA, and USA's MBNQA
    2. Compliance: AS 3563, IEEE 1074, ISO 9001, ISO 12207, ISO 15504 (SPICE), SEI SW-CMM, SEI CMMI, TickIT, and Trillium
    3. Guidance: all standards and models
  3. Regional focus:
    1. International: ISO 9000-3, ISO 9001, ISO 12207, and ISO 15504 (SPICE)
    2. National: Australia's AS 3563, Canada's CAE, Europe's BEA, and USA's MBNQA
    3. Not specified: IEEE 1074, IEEE/EIA 12207, SEI SW-CMM, SEI CMMI, TickIT and Trillium
See figure below for the relationships of these standards/models--arrows represent "influence"; TQM models are not related; hence, excluded from the figure.  Take note of the strong relationships between many standards/models and on how they all converge together under the ISO 15504 (SPICE) model.

Figure: Influence of Standards/Models (click figure for expanded view)


This standard/guIdeline...
 Influenced ISO 15504 in the way it...
ISO 12207 categorizes and defines the software process
ISO 9000-3
ISO 9001
TickIT		 encourages quality assurance and quality management
ISO 9004 encourages quality improvement
SEI SW-CMM
Trillium		 determines the capability of processes

For another perspective of how these standards/models are inter-related,
see The Frameworks Quagmire, A Brief Look.

For additional details, see Tantara's hotlists:

Hotlist for software process improvement, SQA, and moreSoftware Process Improvement, SQA,...
Hotlist: ISO 9001 for SoftwareISO 9001 for  Software
Hotlist: ISO 15504 (SPICE)ISO 15504 (SPICE)

This article was written by Tantara Inc., a business consulting
firm specialized in software best practices and the improvement of
process effectiveness and software product/service potential.

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( Revised: July 23, 2001 )